Contrastive grammar of heterogeneous languages as a theoretical framework of Russian-Yakut translation

The article’s relevance lies in the understanding that a professional approach to the RussianYakut language and scholarly research of its specific issues may not only improve translation and culture of speech but also protect the minority language from rapid assimilation. The article’s purpose is to systemize the main grammatical transformations that appear due to discrepancies in grammatical forms of the Russian and Yakut languages. In translation practice, there are four main transformations determined in general translation theory and typical for all pairs of languages: 1) transpositions, 2) substitutions, 3) additions, and 4) omissions. The article’s novelty is that developments on the comparative grammar of the Russian and Yakut languages, previously made by scholars-educators, are considered in the article from a new perspective of translation and interpretation studies. The works on the general theory of translation by Ya.I. Retsker and I.S. Alekseeva, works of the Yakut linguistic methodologists E.N. Dmitrieva and N.I. Ivanova, as well as the works of the founder of the specific theory of Russian-Yakut translation T.I. Petrova provided the main theoretical framework for this article. The equivalents and discrepancies of the grammar of the Russian and Yakut languages are determined via the methods of comparative analysis. The observation method determines usual transformations in the Russian-Yakut translation. The work is descriptive and systematizes objectively existing translation transformations in a particular pair of languages. The following equivalents and discrepancies of the contacting languages, most important for translation didactics, were detected as a result of the establishment of the specific features of grammatical transformations in the Russian-Yakut and Yakut-Russian translations: 1) conventional discrepancies with the formal equivalence in the category of plurality in the both languages; 2) discrepancies in the case declension; in most cases it enables the detection of non-formal equivalents due to common remote structures and implicit content; 3) discrepancies in the development of verb forms up to the formation of lexical gaps, which can be compensated with the help of lexical-semantic transformations; 4) discrepancies in the types of word linking, the syntax of simple and complex sentences, for which regular functional equivalents are most often found in the target language due to the possibilities of syntactic synonymy; 5) the absence of gender in the Yakut language, which is compensated by the natural redundancy of linguistic forms. In future, the identified patterns may lay the basis for the development and implementation of practical manuals for translation and editing.

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