Antonyms in the Yakut language: methods of education, typology, use in speech

This article presents an academic description of antonyms as one of the poorly studied layers of the lexicology of the Yakut language, during which the types of antonyms are identified and consolidated with examples from oral folk art, fiction and modern Yakut journalism. The aim of the study is to identify the types of antonyms in the Yakut language, based on the works of Russian linguists such as L.A. Novikova, L.A. Vvedenskaya. The prerequisite for the study was the teaching aids of the Yakutov researchers N.A. Allahsky, N.K. Antonova, P.S. Afanasyeva, G.G. Filippova, and I.P. Vinokurov. In the course of the work, we used the structural and semantic analysis, methods of lexico-grammatical and stylistic interpretation. The object of the research is the system-semantic relations between the elements of the lexical system of the modern Yakut language. The subject of study is the lexical antonymic oppositions of nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs, selected from the dictionaries of the modern Yakut language. The sample size was 450 examples of antonymous pairs. The material for the analysis was the fifteen-volume large explanatory dictionary of the Yakut language, the Yakut-Russian dictionary, as well as the texts of the Yakut classical literature and oral folk art. The academic novelty and theoretical significance of the research consists in the analysis of the essence of antonymy by revealing the paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of lexical antonyms; identifying the role of lexical antonyms in the formation of the structural and semantic unity of the text; description of the types of antonymy in the Yakut language. The materials and results of the research can be used to develop textbooks on the vocabulary of the Yakut language for higher and secondary educational institutions, as well as an academic dictionary of the antonyms of the Yakut language. The main conclusions based on the research results: 1) in the Yakut language, as in all other languages, there are words that are opposite in meaning, which are called antonyms (“utarsyk tyllar”); 2) based on the works of L.A. Novikov, three classes of linguistic antonyms can be distinguished according to the semantic-semantic principle: a) contra (gradual); b) complementary (contradictory); c) vector. In addition to them, as a separate group of opposite words, pragmatic or stylistic antonyms can be distinguished that appear in the artistic style of speech; 3) antonyms in the Yakut language are mainly formed lexically, less often – analytically; 4) antonyms represent a rich lexical resource of colloquial, artistic, journalistic styles and are used in speech to create expressiveness.

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