This work is dedicated to the determination of stable properties of formation of Yakut speech signals by the laws of differentiative features of phonetic systems of Turkic analogues, representing a selected by centuries interrelation of a language speaker’s mental activity with his/her articulation basis (AB), representing a spiritual (linguistic) heritage of any linguistic community. A prosodic system of oral speech is reflected in the suprasegmental parameters, which, depending on the speech signal’s plane of content act in different variations and construct a phonetic-syntactic field, reflecting the property of the language’s orthoepy. The typological universals of syllables and word forms, discussed in the work, are virtually differentiated as structural components of a speech segment and express the fullness of accentual constructions. Such is the theoretical foundation for the work’s analysis of the phonetic materials that make a vocal and consonant axis of a speech act, with the determination of their suprasegmental features, such as quantitativeness, tonality and intensity. All of this is presented in objective components, i.e., the relative indicators of speech segments in the form of tables and intonation images facilitate the construction of truly typical speech models. First of all, the initial syllabic types V-, V̅-, V̅₁-. VC-, V̅C-, V₁С-, VГ-, СV̅-, СV₁- are determined on a wealth of lexical-semantic material; the articulatory and acoustic parameters of their vowels are adequate to the differentiative features of broad/narrow, labialized/non-labialized, short/long, etc. of Turkic analogues. Initial and final syllabic types -VС-, -СV̅-, -СV₁-, -СVС, – СV̅С-, -СV̅С; -СV, -СV̅, -СV₁-; -СVС-, -СV̅С, -СV₁С are analyzed in the same manner. Qualitatively different vocal and consonant elements are particularly engaged by the specific syllabic types. In addition to the syllabic structures, the work intends to research the syntactic speech segments, and the analysis of their phonetic data will allow outlining the typological features of communicative speech acts, preconditioned by the semantic and intonational parameters, differentiating their diversity. The types of a question, answer, order have differentiating features, according to which their specific formal and semantic value is established. As a result, it is for the first time that specified parameters are determined, which characterize the phonetic and syntactic features of Yakut speech segments, and the orthoepic rules of Yakut speech culture are organized on their basis. Scientifically and practically, this work proposes a new perspective of the nature of phonetic and syntactic realization, primarily, of accentual constructions.

This article presents an academic description of antonyms as one of the poorly studied layers of the lexicology of the Yakut language, during which the types of antonyms are identified and consolidated with examples from oral folk art, fiction and modern Yakut journalism. The aim of the study is to identify the types of antonyms in the Yakut language, based on the works of Russian linguists such as L.A. Novikova, L.A. Vvedenskaya. The prerequisite for the study was the teaching aids of the Yakutov researchers N.A. Allahsky, N.K. Antonova, P.S. Afanasyeva, G.G. Filippova, and I.P. Vinokurov. In the course of the work, we used the structural and semantic analysis, methods of lexico-grammatical and stylistic interpretation. The object of the research is the system-semantic relations between the elements of the lexical system of the modern Yakut language. The subject of study is the lexical antonymic oppositions of nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs, selected from the dictionaries of the modern Yakut language. The sample size was 450 examples of antonymous pairs. The material for the analysis was the fifteen-volume large explanatory dictionary of the Yakut language, the Yakut-Russian dictionary, as well as the texts of the Yakut classical literature and oral folk art. The academic novelty and theoretical significance of the research consists in the analysis of the essence of antonymy by revealing the paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of lexical antonyms; identifying the role of lexical antonyms in the formation of the structural and semantic unity of the text; description of the types of antonymy in the Yakut language. The materials and results of the research can be used to develop textbooks on the vocabulary of the Yakut language for higher and secondary educational institutions, as well as an academic dictionary of the antonyms of the Yakut language. The main conclusions based on the research results: 1) in the Yakut language, as in all other languages, there are words that are opposite in meaning, which are called antonyms (“utarsyk tyllar”); 2) based on the works of L.A. Novikov, three classes of linguistic antonyms can be distinguished according to the semantic-semantic principle: a) contra (gradual); b) complementary (contradictory); c) vector. In addition to them, as a separate group of opposite words, pragmatic or stylistic antonyms can be distinguished that appear in the artistic style of speech; 3) antonyms in the Yakut language are mainly formed lexically, less often – analytically; 4) antonyms represent a rich lexical resource of colloquial, artistic, journalistic styles and are used in speech to create expressiveness.

At present, folk ichthyological vocabulary is a diverse lexico-semantic group closely related to the world of spiritual life and material culture of a native speaker. This article analyzes the main motivational features of the 13 nominations of crucian carp in the Yakut language. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that for the first time in Yakut linguistics, the Yakut vocabulary of fish names is considered in the nominal aspect and interesting dialectal lexical units that have not previously been used for linguistic analyzes are introduced into scientific circulation. The linguistic material was taken from various lexicographic sources and archival funds of the Institute for Humanitarian Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Federal Research Center of the YSC SB RAS by means of a continuous sample. The study used a set of methods and techniques for analyzing linguistic material: the method of word-formation analysis, lexical-semantic analysis, descriptive and quantitative-statistical methods. The aim of the study is to identify the motivational features of the nomination of crucian carp in the Yakut language. As a result of the study, it has been established that the main way of nominating ichthyonyms denoting the names of crucian carp in the Yakut language is nomination based on 5 motivational characteristics: 1) form; 2) color or shape of the eyes; 3) place of habitation in the reservoir; 4) place of residence in a certain body of water; and 5) peculiarities of movement. It is determined that the system of ichthyonyms of the Yakut language is distinguished by a variety of methods of nominations, which are based on associative signs that reveal the attitude of Yakuts to wildlife and reflect the peculiarity of their worldview. The study of fish nominations in the Yakut language seems to be the most interesting layer of the vocabulary, which is distinguished by antiquity, diversity and originality of lexical units. Moreover, the study of the vocabulary of the animal world in the Yakut language will improve the existing results and open new directions in the study of the lexical fund of the national language.

Numerals in Tungus-Manchurian studies are still not well researched, although there are some experiments in comparing numerals in the works of foreign and Russian researchers. The aim of this article is to summarize the new material of the Even language numerals, compiled during field studies of the Even dialects in different regions, and extracted from published sources of the 19th – early 20th centuries, which were not used by previous researchers. The examination of the system of numerals for individual dialects and dialects with the involvement of some new materials provides an opportunity to make some corrections and clarifications in the interpretation of the classes of the Even language numerals and enriches the research practice. The article emphasizes that the system of simple numerals and the names of tens are the same for all Even dialects and accents. It reveals five ways of forming composite numerals of the second tens, differently represented in the dialects of the Even language: a simple combination of two numerals, using the words hulek `extra` or oidun` over`, using the name of the word dyan `ten`. The formation of compound numerals from 21 to 99 is universal for almost all dialects of the Even language, the only exception is the dialect of the Evens of Chukotka, used in the village. Keperveem, Bilibino region. In the linguistic materials collected by G. Maydel in the 19th century and in the text of the Gospel of the same period, rather diverse categories of numerals are presented, there are also unusually designed numerals that were not recorded anywhere else. The characterization of numeral classes in Even language s substantially refined and supplemented, demonstrating variation within individual dialects and significant inter-dialectal differences. A special description of the morphology and vocabulary of dialects and dialects should consider in as much detail as possible all the possible variants of the formation of separate semantic divisions of numerals. This could substantially enrich the morphological section of the grammar of the Even language, devoted to numerals as a part of speech.

Translation is designed to convey information in various spheres of public life, while it acts not only as the main component of intercultural communication, but also as a popularizer of the participating languages. One of the ways to preserve and popularize the national languages of Russia is to assign them a state status, which should ensure the functioning of the language in all spheres of public life. In the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), the Yakut language is the state language, which determines the relevance of research on the issues of private translation theory. Requirements are put forward for translators for an equivalent transfer of information, preservation of the usual norms of the Yakut language and the use of native Yakut combinations in order to avoid tracing the forms of the Russian language. In 2015, at a meeting of the Council for Language Policy of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), a decision was made on the mandatory use of signs with the names of state authorities, institutions and organizations in two state languages, Russian and Yakut. This was due to the non-systematic, chaotic and incorrect translation of ergonyms in the Yakut language. The article is devoted to the analysis of translation models for the names of institutions at the phonetic, lexical and grammatical levels. In the work, when collecting research material for the analysis and illustration of the proposed provisions, the method of continuous sampling is used; to highlight the used linguistic phenomena, typical features of linguistic forms – a descriptive method; to study the functioning of linguistic forms – a structural method; to identify translation correspondences, equivalents – comparative-comparative. When translating the names of institutions at the phonetic level, transliteration is used in the absence of equivalents in the Yakut language and translation, unsettled correspondences, proper names; a method of complete transcription of words recorded in the “Spelling Dictionary of the Yakut Language”. It should be noted that the words transcribed in the material are widely used in the modern Yakut language. At the lexical level, equivalent replacement is used when translating words and phrases that indicate the areas of activity of the institution; loan translation (calque) is the most common method, represented by half calques, precise and modified calques; concretization – in order to clarify information; the way of adding is due to the analytical way of transferring the meanings of words, established equivalent correspondences; amplification is used to demonstrate a variant of the full name in the Yakut language; explication is caused by the need to use an established terminological correspondence. In grammatical terms, when translating the names of institutions, permutations and replacements of grammatical forms are inevitable, caused by systemic differences between the Russian and Yakut languages. Translation in modern times should be considered not only as a link between different languages and peoples, but also as a factor in the preservation of the language in the conditions of natural bilingualism. In Yakutia, Russian and Yakut languages have a state status, but in relation to the Yakut language, it is implemented non-systematically, in this regard, we believe that the research of the proposed direction contributes to the systematization and expansion of the linguistic landscape in the Yakut language.

Today, when the exchange of information between scholars and academic communities is increasing, the translation of an academic text is becoming more and more popular not only in a pair of world languages, but also in a pair that includes regional languages of the Russian Federation. One of these regional languages that make up a pair of the Russian language is the Yakut language. However, due to the insufficient formation of the language and the norms of the academic style of the Yakut language, as well as the historically established tradition of using borrowed terms in transliteration or transcription without literal translation, there are some difficulties in the translation of terms of different branches and fields of science, in the expression of generalized and abstracted scientific thinking. This is especially noticeable in the text translation of terms, which, unlike the terminographic translation, requires some term-making and stylistic work from the translator. The relevance and novelty of the research is determined by the fact that for the first time in the specific theory of Russian-Yakut translation, the features of text translation of educational terms are considered and the ways of their translation are determined. Thus, this article analyzes the translation of 892 terms from the textbook “The World Around us” for primary classes of Yakut schools. The studied language material was taken from the original and translated texts of the specified textbook. The study uses methods of comparative analysis of the translation with the original, lexical-semantic, word-formation and statistical analysis of the language material. The purpose of the study is to determine the ways of translating natural science terminology from Russian into the Yakut language. As a result of the study, it was found that natural-scientific terminology is mainly translated by the equivalent translation method, i.e. for the terms of the Russian language, their lexical substitutions are found in the Yakut language. Also, in the Russian-Yakut translation of natural-scientific terminology, phonetic methods of translation are used, such as transliteration and transcription. Then comes semantic, structural calques, semi-calques. The following method is used for simultaneous use of the Yakut and Russian versions of the terms in one row. Then, in descending order, there are descriptive translation, generalization, change of part of speech, methods of adding, omitting and text commentary to terms. The study of the Russian-Yakut translation of terms contributes to the development of the academic style of the Yakut language, expanding the scope of its functioning in the conditions of natural bilingualism. In addition, the study of text translation of natural-scientific terminology will expand the existing views in the terminology of the Yakut language.

This article describes the development of linguistic ontological database for Turkic languages, which can be used in a number of linguistic processors for texts processing in Turkology. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that despite active research and development for Turkic languages in the past 10-15 years, almost all (except for Turkish) continue to belong to the type of low-resource languages. This is due to the fact that there is a shortage of linguistic resources for Turkic languages applicable in software development for natural language processing. These can be various types of ontological databases such as WordNet, FrameNet, VerbNet, RuTez, etc., as well as combinations of these resources with electronic corpuses. Such ontological databases can be used in information and reference systems, in creation of syntactic, semantic and semanticsyntactic analyzers, as well as in educational and scientific applications. In our work, an integral approach is presented that combines ontological models of frame and taxonomic types, in a structural-parametric model of the Turkic Morpheme. The integral model is initially based on principles of multilingualism, multifunctionality and pragmatic orientation. Multilingualism presupposes universality for all languages of the Turkic group, and pragmatic orientation is in focus on structural and functional features of agglutinative languages. Creation of software, in addition to above methods and technologies, involves usage of technologies for designing complex databases, web programming, client-server technologies. The resulting database can be used to generate contextfree grammar rules for a semantic-syntactic analyzer, which receives sentences in Turkic languages as input, and produces structured data at output. The analyzer obtained in this way is applicable for semantic-syntactic tagging of Turkic electronic corpuses and for development of semantic search software.